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sampeter
2015-12-21 20:15
# 11
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sampeter
2015-12-21 20:26
# 12
My First Clock 4~ Kundo Electronic Clock

Kundo Mantel Clock (Impulsed; moving magnet; electronically switched)

Electronic Clock ¹q¤lÄÁ (»¡¥L¬OºÏ°Ê¤OÄÁ§ó«ê·í)


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12®É¹ï¤U¦L¦³Kundo electronic¡A¤Î6®É¹ï¤U¦³MADE IN GERMANY¦r¡C


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This Kundo Electronic Clock was Made in Germany. Kundo Kieninger & Obergfell. No(0) jewelsunadjusted.

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sampeter
2015-12-21 20:27
# 13
My First Clock 3 ~ Air Force

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¦Ó·í¨ä®É¥H¼w°ê³Ì²±¡C¥H¾Ô¾÷¬°³y«¬ªº®yÄÁ¦b¼w°ê¤Q¤À´¶¹M¡I
¤µ¦¸´N¤¶²Ð¤@­Ó¼w°ê®yÄÁ¡C
Picture borrowed
¥¿­±¯S¼g~Original Mantel Clock from the tradition company "KIENZLE"~with a special formed case


¥k­±­^«º~¾÷Åé¥þªø22.83"  (58,0 cm)


¥ª­±­^«º~¾÷Åé°ª9.06"  (23,0 cm)


­I­±~²£¦aGermany in Schwarzwald

¾÷ÀYµo°Ê¾÷~¦~¥÷1940


Á³±Û¼Õ~¶ê§Î¯S¤jÄÁ­±7"


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40¦~¥Nªºµo°Ê¾÷«O¦s±o«Ü¦n
¥D¤ÞÀº~±Ä¥Î³Ì·sªºBalance wheel±À°Ê¡AµL½×­¸¦æ®É¦V¥ª¶É±×¡B¦V¥k¶É±×¡B©Î¬O¤£©w¤è¦ì­¸¦æ¡A¤]¯à«O«ù¥X¦âªí²{¡I

¤ÞÀºÁÙ±a°Ê4¤ä±j¤Oµo­µ¸Ë¸m¡AÁn­µ²M¯Ü¿ñÁï¡IFour chime rods striking mechanism

µo­µ¸Ë¸m¥Ñ¥D¤ÞÀº±a°Ê¡IHalf- and hour striking mechanism

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sampeter
2015-12-21 20:34
# 14
My First Clock 5 ~ Barwick mantel clock

Barwick mantel clock by Howard Miller; 80¡¦s¦è¼w»s³y¡A¤K¤é°Ê¤O¾÷ªä¡A°ª22¦T¡BÁï12 1/4¦T¡B²`7¦T

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sampeter
2015-12-21 21:05
# 15
ÄÁ¿öµ²ºc~§áÂ\ÄÁTorsion pendulum clock

§áÂ\ÄÁTorsion pendulum clock
Pictures all borrowed



¦¹ºØ®ÉÄÁªº­ì²z¤w¸gµo©ú¤F100¦h¦~¡A¦ý¨ì¤F70¦~¥N´N³Q¥Û­^ÄÁ¨ú¥N¡A¤w¸g¨S¦³¦A¥Í²£¤F¡AÁÙ¥i¹B¦æ³£¬Oµ´µL¶È¦³ªº¡A­n­×²z®É¤]±o¥Î«Ü°ªªº¶O¥Î¡C



¤j®a¥i¯à¤£²M·¡³oºØÄÁ´N¬OªÅ®ðÄÁAtmos Clockµo©úªº­ì«¬¡AºÙ¬°400¤ÑÄÁ400-day clocks¡A¤]¥s¶g¦~¬ö©ÀÄÁAnniversary clocks¡C¦]¬°¥L¤W¤@¦¸µo±ø¥i¦æ¨«¬ù400¤Ñ¡A¤@¦~365¤Ñ¡A±z¥Í¤é®É¤Wµo±ø¡A©ú¦~¥Í¤é®É¥¦¥i¯à¤~»Ý¤Wµo±ø¡A¦P²zµ²±B¬ö©À¤é¡B¦Ñ±C¥Í¤é¡B¤p«Ä¥Í¤é¡C¥¦¤£°Ê®Éªí¥Ü¤@¦~¤S¨ì¤F¡C



·ç¤h¿n®aªÅ®ðÄÁ1928¦~µo©ú´N¬O¥H¦¹ºØÄÁ°µ¬°³]­p­ì«¬¡A²{¥Nªº¥Û­^Â\ÄÁ³£¯à¬Ý¨ìÃþ¦üªº³]­p¡A³o¤]¬O¤@´Ú¸g¨å®ÉÄÁ¡A«D±`­È±o¦¬ÂáC



³oºØÄÁ¬O§Ú¬Ý¹L³Ì¤£¶·«O¾iªº®ÉÄÁ¡A¦]¬°¹B¦æ½wºC¡A¾÷±ñ±µªñ¹s¿i·l¡A¦pªG«O¾i±o¦n¡A¨Ï¥Î´Á­­¬OµLªk¦ô­pªº¡A¥i¥H¶Ç»¼´X¦Ê¦~¡A­È±oª±¨ýªº¤Jªù®ÉÄÁ¡C



§áÂ\ÄÁ¨ã¦³«Üªøªº®¶°Ê¶g´Á¡]´X¬í¦Ü´X¤Q¬í¡^¡A¨«®É©µÄò®É¶¡«Üªø¡A¤W¤@¦¸©¶¥i¨«®É400¤Ñ¥H¤W¡A¬G¤SºÙ400¤ÑÄÁ¡C§áÂàÂ\3­Ó©Î4­Ó¶ê§ÎªÅ¤ß»É²y²Õ¦¨¡C³o´X­Ó»É²y¥i¥H±q¤¤¤ß¦V¤º©Î¦V¥~²¾°Ê¡A¦V¥~²¾°Ê®É¼W¤j®¶°Ê¶g´Á¡A¬Û¤Ï«hÁY¤p®¶°Ê¶g´Á¡C§áÂàÂ\¤j¬ù±ÛÂà 3/4°é¤§«á¦A¦V¥t¤@¤è¦V±ÛÂà¡C§áÂ\ÄÁªº¾÷¥ó¤@¯ë¥Î¶À»É»s¦¨¡A¥~­±¸n¤W¶ê§Î©Î¨ä¥L§Îª¬ªº¬Á¼þ¸n¡A¥H«O«ù¾÷ªä²M¼ä¡F¾÷®y¤U­±¦³3­Ó¥i½Õ¾ã¤ô·Ç¦ì¸mªº¤ä¸}¡A¥H«OÃÒ¦b¤£¥­ªº¥­­±¤W¾àÁa¾÷ºc¤]¯à¥¿±`¤u§@¡C§áÂàÂ\°£§@¬°®¶°Ê¨t²Î¥~¡AÁÙ¦³¿W¯Sªº¸Ë¹¢§@¥Î¡C

¥H«e§áÂ\ÄÁ¬O¾÷±ñÄÁ¡C¦b²{¥N¥Û­^ÄÁ¤º¡A¤]¦³±Ä¥Î¦Q®§áÂ\ªº¡A¦ý¥¦¤£¬O§@¬°®É¶¡®¶°Ê¨t²Îªº¤@³¡¤À¡A¦Ó¬O¯Âºé§@¬°¸Ë¹¢¥Îªº¡C³oºØ§áÂàÂ\ªºÂ\°Ê¬O³q¹L¾÷ªä¶g´Á©Êµ¹¦Q®¸É¥R¯à¶q¨Ó§¹¦¨ªº¡C¦¹¥~¡A¥Û­^ÄÁªº§áÂàÂ\¤]¤£³æ¿W²Õ¦¨¤@®M®¶°Ê¨t²Î¡A¥¦¯àºû«ù¤@©wÀW²vªº¨Ó¦^Â\°Ê¥H°_¨ì¸Ë¹¢§@¥Î¡A»P¨«®É²@µLÁpô¡C


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¦]¬°Â\©ñ¦ì¸m¤£²z·Q¡AÂ\´T¤£¥­§¡¡AÂ\¨¤¤£¨¬µ¥µ¥¦]¯À¼vÅT¡A¦æ¤F´X¤Ñ¤]·|¬ðµM°±ÄÁ¡C
¾÷±ñÄÁ«Y´X¦³½ìªºª±·N¡A¦æ¶}ÄÁ´N·|«ù¤[¸¨¥h¡A°±¤F¤@¬q®É¶¡²¾°Ê¹L¡A­n¸g¹L¤@¨Ç®É¶¡½Õ®Õ¡A¤~¯à°÷ºû«ù½¡C

¨ä¹ê§áÂ\ÄÁ¨Ã¤£¬O¥þ¥Î¦Q®´åµ·suspension wire(suspension spring)ªº¡A§Ú´N¦³¤@­Ó400¤éÁå«Y¥ÎÃþ¦ü¥­¿Å´åµ·helical balance springªº¡AÂ\ÀW¤S·|¸û§Ö¡]¤@¤ÀÄÁ¤Q¤G¦¸¡^¡A¥¿ÃhºÃ³o¨Ã«D400¤éÁå¡A¦³«Ý¦Òµý¤¤¡I

pic borrowed  ¦P¹Ï¤¤±ø´åµ·®t¤£¦h¼Ë
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sampeter
2015-12-21 21:20
# 16
ÄÁ¿öµ²ºc~Precision Clocks ºë·Çªº®ÉÄÁ

Precision Clocks ºë·Çªº®ÉÄÁ¤Q¤K¥@¬ö¥H¨Ó¡A¤@¯ë¾÷±ñÄÁªººë½T«×¡A¨¬°÷º¡¨¬¼s¤j¥«¥Áªº­Ó¤H­p®É»Ý­n¡C¦ý¦b¬ì¾Ç¬ã¨s¤è­±¡A´N»Ý­n¤@¨Ç§ó°ª¼h¦¸¡eºë½T«×§ó°ª¡fªº®É­p¡A¦b¹êÅç«Ç©MÆ[¹î¯¸¨Ï¥Î¡C¬°¤Fº¡¨¬³oºØ»Ý¨D¡AÄÁ¦K»Ý­nµo®i¥X¤@¨Ç§óºë½Tªº®ÉÄÁ¡C

18¥@¬öªì¡A¤H­Ì¤wª¾¹D·Å«×·|¨Ï®ÉÄÁªºª÷ÄÝ¿±µÈ©M¦¬ÁY¡A±q¦Ó¼vÅT­p®Éºë½T«×¡C


Figure 1 - Temperature effect on a Hermle movement


Figure 2 - Temperature effect on a pocket watch

Figure 3 - Experimental pendulum

¦b1715¦~¡A³ìªv¸¯²z¿«George Graham°µ¤F¤j¶q¦³Ãö¤£¦Pª÷Äݪº¼ö¤ÏÀ³¬ã¨s¡A§Æ±æ¯à§ä¨ì¨âºØª÷ÄÝ¡A¨äªº¿±µÈ¤ñ²v·|¬Û¤¬¸ÉÀv©Î¤¬¬Û¨ú®ø¡C¥Lµo²{¿û§÷steel©MÖߩʪºª÷ÄݨEviscous metal mercury¯à³y¦¨³oºØÃö«Y¡A¦b1722¦~µo©ú¤F·Å«×¸ÉÀvÂ\mercury-compensated pendulum¡C¸¯²z¿«Grahamªº¤u§@¡A¦³§U©ó¶}³Ð¤@­Ó·s®É¥Nªººë±K­p®É¡C



Temperature compensating pendulum.
To keep accurate time, a pendulum clock needs a pendulum whose center of gravity remains constant. Unfortunately when the metal shaft of a pendulum warms up, it expands, shifting the center of gravity down and causing the clock to run slow. To compensate for this, glass vials containing mercury can be placed at the bottom of the pendulum. Not only is mercury nice and heavy, making for a good solid pendulum, it also expands more than most other metals on heating. Thus as the pendulum warms up the bottom of the vials moves down (because the shaft gets longer) but the mercury gets taller, shifting the center of gravity back up where it belongs. How much more accurate this made a clock I don't know: In any case a cheap electronic clock now is vastly more accurate than any of these ever were.

¦b¾ã­Ó18¥@¬ö¡A¤u¦K­Ì¹ï§Mª÷¤Î·s¤uÃÀ§Þ³N´x´¤¶V¨Ó¶V¦h¡A­p®É·Ç½T«×¤]¤éº¥¦b§ïµ½¤¤¡C¦b1676¦~¦«°¨´µ´ö¥Ö®¦Thomas Tompion¬°­^°ê¬Ó®a®æªL«Âªv¤Ñ¤å¥x¡]Royal Observatory in Greenwich¡^¡A»s³y¤F¤@­Óºë½Tªº®ÉÄÁ¡Aºë½T«×¯àºû«ù¨C¤Ñ»~®t¦b2¦Ü3¬í¡C

Year-Going Pendulum Clock by Thomas Tompion, London, 1676
This clock is one of a pair that were originally built into the panelling of the Octagon Room in the Observatory and had 13-foot (almost 4 m) pendulums suspended above them. They were removed in 1719 by the widow of the first Astronomer Royal, John Flamsteed, and sold as domestic longcase clocks. One is preserved at the British Museum and the other has now returned to Greenwich. This picture shows a detail of the movement. The primary achievement of these two clocks was to prove that the earth spins on its axis at a uniform rate.

¤j¬ù50¦~«á¡A¬ù¿««¢¨½´ËJohn Harrison«Ø³y¤F¤@­Óºë·Ç®ÉÄÁ¡A¨ä¤¤±Ä¯Ç¤F¥L·sµo©úªº¬]§Î¸ÉÀvÂ\ (temperature-compensated gridiron pendulum)¡A±Nºë½T«×±À«e¹F¦Ü¨C¤ë»~®t¥u¦³¤@¬í¡C


The relative expansion of the steel and brass rods compensate for changes in temperature

The priceless Late Regulator clock took John Harrison, the pioneer of longitude, 36 years to build and he was still calibrating it when he died at his home in London on March 24, 1776, his 83rd birthday.1900¦~¡A¼w°êªº¸Ì¤Ò°Ç¤½¥q¡]Riefler Company¡^»s¦¨¤F·Ç½T«×¹F¦Ü¨C¤@¤Ñ»~®t0.01¬íªº­p®É¾¹¡C³o¬ð¯}¤£¶È¬O¥Ñ©ó¤O¾Ç­ì²z©Mª÷Äݧ÷®Æ§ï¶i¡A¦Ó¥B¤]¬O¥Ñ©óµo©ú¤F·sªº¥~´ß³]­p¡C¬°¤F«O«ù«í©wªºÀ£¤O¡B·Å«×©MÀã«×¡A¤u¦K­Ì§âºë½T®ÉÄÁ¾÷ªä©ñ¦b±K¤£³z­·ªº¬Á¼þ¸n¤º¡C¥H«áªº³]­p¡A¤]±`±`§â³o¨Ç¬Á¼þ¸n©ñ¸m¦bºë·Çªº®ÉÄÁ¥~­±¡C



In 1904 NIST purchased a very stable pendulum clock, the Riefler Clock (left) from Clemens Riefler in Germany. This clock served as a time interval standard until 1929 when it was replaced by the Shortt Clock (right), a double pendulum clock developed at Edinburgh Observatory and fabricated in London. This mechanical standard was replaced only a few years later by standards based on electronic methods. (NIST-National Institute of Standards and Technology)
³o¨Ç®ÉÄÁ¥R¤ÀÅé·|¨ì¥¿½Tªº¡A¥O¤HÃø¥H¸m«Hªº·Ç½T©Ê¡e¥Ñ©ó·í®Éªº¬ì¾Ç®a©|¥¼¶q«×±o¨ì§ó·L¶qªº®É¶¡­È¡f¡C¨Ò¦p¡Aªò¯SW.H. Shortt¦b1920¦~»s§@ªºªò¯SÄÁShortt Clock¡A³Q»{¬°¬O«O«ù®É¶¡»~®t­È¦b¨â²@¬í¡] 0.002 ¡^¤@¤Ñ¡A¤£¹L¡A¦b1984¦~¶i¦æ¤@¦¸´ú¸Õ®É¡A¤H­ûµo²{³o­Óªò¯SÄÁ«O«ùªº®É¶¡»~®t­È¥H200·L¬í¡]0.0002¡^¤@¤Ñ¡A¤ñ­ì¥ý»{¬°ªº¦³¤Q­¿¥H¤Wªº·Ç½T«×¡C

High Precision 'Free Pendulum' Clock by W.H. Shortt, London, No. 16, 1927


This Synchronome housed at the Beijing Ancient Observatory includes a second hand and a 24 hour dial.17¥@¬ö¤¤¸­¡A¸q¤j§Q¬ì¾Ç®a¦÷§Q²¤Galileiµo²{¤F³æÂ\ªºµ¥®É©Ê¡C


1656¦~¡A²üÄõª«²z¾Ç®a´f§ó´µChristiaan Huygens§Q¥Î³o¤@©Ê½è¨î¥X¤F²Ä¤@­Ó¹ê¥Îªº¾÷±ñÂ\ÄÁ¡A±q¦¹¤HÃþ´x´¤¤F¤ñ¸ûºë½Tªº´ú¶q®É¶¡ªº¤èªk¡C



1658¦~­^°êª«²z¾Ç®a­J§JRobert Hookeµo©ú¤F¦³Â\½üªºÃh¿ö¡A1760¦~¨ã¦³®É¡B¤À¡B¬í¤T­Ó°wªºÃh¿ö°Ý¥@¡A¾÷±ñªí§ó¥[¨ã¦³¹ê¥Î»ù­È¡C³Ìºë½Tªº¾÷±ñÄÁ­n¼Æ1920¦~°Ý¥@ªºªò¯SÄÁShortt Clock¡A¥¦¤@±Þ©]»~®t¥u¦³¤d¤À¤§¤@¬í¡A³Q·í®Éªº¤Ñ¤å»O¥Î¨Ó§@¤Ñ¤åÄÁ¡C

¦ý¬O¾÷±ñÄÁ©È¾_¡A¤@¦¸¤p¦a¾_´N¥i¯à¨Ï¥¦°±Â\©Î²£¥Í¸û¤jªº»~®t¡A¦Ó¥B¥¦ªººë«×¤£¯à¦A´£°ª¤F¡C20¥@¬ö30¦~¥N¥Û­^ÄÁ°Ý¥@¤F¡A¥¦¤@±Þ©]»~®t¥u¦³¸U¤À¤§¤@¬í¡A¥R·í¤F¤Ñ¤åÄÁªº¨¤¦â¡C


Ä~Äò¶}·s¤á¡AÄ~Äò©Ê«Å¶Ç¡Ils of quartz

In 1928 at Bell Telephone Laboratories in New York, Warren A. Marrison developed the first quartz-Ä~Äò¶}·s¤á¡AÄ~Äò©Ê«Å¶Ç¡Il clock. The escapement and pendulum concept was replaced by the measurement of a standard frequency of the vibration of a quartz Ä~Äò¶}·s¤á¡AÄ~Äò©Ê«Å¶Ç¡Il. By the end of World War II, quartz-Ä~Äò¶}·s¤á¡AÄ~Äò©Ê«Å¶Ç¡Il clocks were accurate to one second in 30 years, and became the standard for time measurement until the arrival of the atomic clock.


«á¨Ó¤H­Ìµo²{¬Y¨Çª«½èªº¤À¤l©Î­ì¤l¦³§ó¬°Ã­©wªº­p®É¥\¯à¡A©ó¬O¥X²{¤F­ì¤lÄÁ¡C¥@¬É¤W²Ä¤@¥x­ì¤lÄÁ1949¦~¦b¬ü°ê³y¥X¡C­ì¤lÄÁ¹B¦æ3000¦h¦~¤~²£¥Í1¬íªº»~®t¡A©Ò¥H¥Ø«e¤Ñ¤å¥x¨Ï¥Îªº³£¬O­ì¤lÄÁ¡C


1952 -- NIST completes the first accurate measurement of the frequency of the cesium clock resonance. The apparatus for this measurement is named NBS-1.

1975 -- NBS-6 begins operation; an outgrowth of NBS-5, it is one of the world¡¦s most accurate atomic clocks, neither gaining nor losing one second in 300,000 years.

1993 -- NIST-7 comes on line; eventually, it achieves an uncertainty of 5 x 10-15, or 20 times more accurate than NBS-6.

1999 -- NIST-F1 begins operation with an uncertainty of 1.7 x 10-15, or accuracy to about one second in 20 million years, making it one of the most accurate clocks ever made (a distinction shared with similar standards in France and Germany).


Mercury pendulum¤ô»ÈÄÁÂ\

¤ô»È·Å«×¸ÉÀvÂ\Á誺¹B§@­ì²z¡A·íª÷ÄÝÂ\±ì¹J¼ö¿±µÈ¦V¤U¦ù®i¡C¤ô»ÈÂ\Áè¬Á¼þ¬W¤º±K«Êªº¤ô»È·|¦V¤WÂX®i¡A¨ÏÂ\Áè­«¤ß¦V¤W´£¤É¡A±q¦Ó©è¾P¤Fª÷ÄÝÂ\±ì¹J¼ö¿±µÈ¡A¦V¤U¦ù©µªºªø«×¡C


¦­´Áªº¼Ð·Ç®ÉÄÁ(regulator clocks)·|±Ä¥Î¤ô»È¸ÉÀvªºÂ\Áè¡C¤j³¡¥÷ªk°ê®ÉÄÁ³£¬Oªº¡C¬ü°ê»s³yªº¼Ð·Ç®ÉÄÁ(regulator clocks)³q±`·|¨Ï¥ÎÁá»Èªºª÷ÄݬW¥N´À¡A©Î¥Î¥´¿i±o¥ú·Æ«GÄRªº¿û¤l¼u´¡¤J¬Á¼þºÞ¼Ò¥é³oºØ§Î»ª¡C¤@¨Ç¬ü°ê¼Ð·Ç®ÉÄÁ¤]·|¥Î¤ô»È¤p²~¡A¤£¹L¬Û«H¬O«á¨Ó§ï¥Îªº¡C

¥Ñ©ó¤ô»È¬Á¼þ¬W«Ü©ö·lÃa¡A»ù®æ¤]«Ü°ª¡A·í¤£¤p¤ßºL¯}®É¡A»Ý­n©w»s¤~¦³±o§ó´«¡C¤H­Ì«K·Q¨ì¨Ï¥Îª÷ÄݬW¥N´À¡A¤@¨Ó¥i¥H°µ¨ì±µªñªº·Å«×¸ÉÀv®ÄªG¡A¥t¤@¤è­±·lÃaªº¾÷·|¤]´î¤Ö¡Cµo®i¦Ü«á¨Ó¡A¥u¦³¸û¦W¶Qªº®ÉÄÁ¤~¨Ï¥Î¯u¤ô»È¬W¡C

Pictures borrowed







Temperature-compensated gridiron pendulum
¬]§Î·Å«×¸ÉÀvÂ\


®Ú¾ÚÄÁÂ\­ì²z(isochronous property of the pendulum)¡AÄÁÂ\ªº¹B°Ê®É¶¡¡A¨ú¨M©óÂ\±ìªºªø«×¡CÂ\±ì¶Vªø¡A¹B°Êªº®É¶¡¶Vªø¡FÂ\±ì¶Vµu¡A¹B°Êªº®É¶¡«K§Ö¡C

¦­´Áªº®ÉÄÁ¡A¦h±Ä¥Îª÷ÄÝÄÁÂ\¡AÂ\±ì©ö¨ü·Å«×ÅܤƼvÅT¡A¾É­P¨«®É¤£·Ç½T¡C¦b1715¦~¡A­^°ê¤HGeorge Grahamµo©ú¤F¤ô»ÈÂ\Áè¡A§ïµ½¤F·Å«×¹ï®ÉÄÁªº¼vÅT¡C

¦b1725¦~¡A­^°ê¤H¬ù¿««¢¨½»¹John Harrisonµo©ú¤F¬]§ÎÄÁÂ\¡A¥Î¥t¤@ºØ¤èªk¡A¸Ñ¨M·Å«×¹ïª÷ÄÝÂ\±ì¿±µÈªº¸ÉÀv°ÝÃD¡C¥L±Ä¥Î¶À»É©MÅK²Õ¦X»s¦¨ªº¼Ð¤Ø¡A¥Î¨âºØª÷ÄÝ­pºâ¥X¦U¦Û¤£¦Pªº·Å«×¿±µÈ¨t¼Æ¡A³]­p¦¨¬]§Îªº²Õ¦X§@Â\±ì¡A¦³®Ä¦a§ïµ½¤F·Å«×¹ïÂ\±ìªº¼vÅT¡A¦b¤j½d³òªº·Å«×§ïÅܮɡA¤]¯à¦³«Ü¦nªºªí²{¡C
Pictures borrowed






Invar pendulum¦]¿ûÄÁÂ\

¦]¿û¡A¦]¥Ë(ÅKÂì)¦Xª÷invar alloys¡A¤S¦W¤£µÈ¿û¡AùÚ½d¿û¡C³o¬O¤@ºØ·sª÷ÄÝ¡A¯S©Ê¬O¤£¨ü·Å«×ÅܤƼvÅT¡A·Å«×¿±µÈ«Y¼Æ0.0000012(±µªñ¹sªº·Å«×¨t¼Æ)¡C


¥Î³oºØ¦Xª÷»s¦¨ªºÄÁÂ\¡A·í·Å«×ÅܤÆÄá¤ó¤@«×®É¡A¥u·|¼vÅT¨C¤Ñ¨«®É0.052¬í¡C

³oºØ¦Xª÷ªº¥t¤@ºØ¯S©Ê¬O§ÜºÏ©Ê(nonmagnetic)¡A¬O¤Q¤À¾A©y¥Î»s§@ÄÁÂ\ªº§÷®Æ¡C



Wood pendulum ¤ì§÷¨îÄÁÂ\
®tÂI¨àº|¥ª¤¶²Ð³oºØ³Ì­ì©lªºÄÁÂ\¡C


¤ì§÷ªº¿±µÈ«Y¼Æ¤ñ¤@¯ëª÷ÄݲӡA¦b¤p½d³òªº·Å«×§ïÅܤU¡A¤ñ²³æªº»Éª÷ÄÝÄÁÂ\¤S³Ó¤@¨Ç¡C

©Ò¥H¦³¨Ç¥­¥Á¤ÆªºÄÁ·|¥Î¤ì§÷°µÂ\§ý¡C¦¨¥»§C¦Ó®ÄªG¦n¡C


Picture borrowed






¤Þ¥Î

sampeter
2015-12-21 21:38
# 17
¤ì§÷»PÄÁ
¦­´Á¼Ú¬w1360¦~Henry de Vick¥Îª÷Äݧ÷®Æ»s³y¤F¾ú¥v¤W²Ä¤@­Ó«Ç¤º®ÉÄÁ¡A®Ú¾Ú³o­ÓÄÁªº³]­p¡A«á´Áªº²£«~¦³¨Ç·|¥Î¤ì§÷¥N´À¤Fª÷Äݾ¦½ü¡C

Verge and foliot escapement


An early clock



The de Vick Clock(Verge and foliot clocks)

Replica of an early 17th-century clock with a foliot-and-verge escapement mechanism. An early wood gear clock


³o¨Çµo®i¡A¨ä¹ê¥Ñ©ó·í®É§Mª÷§Þ³N¸¨«á¡A³Ì®e©öªº¥N´À§÷®Æ´N¬O¤ì§÷¡C¦b17¥@¬öªº¼w°ê¤s°Ï¡A¤u¦K­Ì´¶¹M·|¥Î¤ì§÷§@¬°¾÷ªä¾¦½ü¡C¤ì¾¦½ü¾÷ªäªº唂©BÄÁ¤j¬ù¦b1750¦~µo®i¶}¨Ó¡C

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1090¦~¡A¤¤°ê§º¥NĬ¹|«Ø¤ô¹B»ö¶H¥x¡A¥H¤ô¿E½ü¡B½üÂà»s¦¨¤¤°ê°ß¤@¦³»¡©úªº¦Û°Ê¤ô¹B¤Ñ¤å»ö¶H¤Î¦Û°Ê³ø®É¤Ñ¤å¥x¡A¥iÀH¦a²y¦ÛÂ઺°lÂÜÆ[¬P¸Ë¸m¡A¤ñ¦è¤èÄÁ¿ö¦­¤F600¦~¡FĬ¹|µ¥¤H«Ø³yªº¤ô¹B»ö¶H»O»O°ª¤T¤V¤­¤Ø¤»¤o¦h¡A¬Û·í©ó¤T¡B¥|¼h¼Ó¨º»ò°ª¡A¤À¬°¤T¼h¡G³Ì¤W¤@¼h¦³¤@­Ó¤p¤ì«Î¡A«Î¤¤¦w¸Ë¦³´ý»ö©M¦cªí¡C·í¥Î´ý»öÆ[´ú®É¡A¤p«Î«Î³»´N¥i¥H¦Û°Ê¥´¶}¡AÅS¥X´ý»ö¡C³oºØ¸Ë¸m¥i¥H»¡¬O²{¥N¤Ñ¤å»O¬¡°Ê«Î³»ªº»ó¯ª¡C²Ä¤G¼h¬O´ý¶H¡A´ý¶Hªº¶ê²y¤Wű¦³283­Ó¬P©x¡A¦@­p1464ÁûùÚ¬P¡A¥Î28±ø¸g½u±N28±J¹j¶}¡C´ý¶H¶ê²y¸Ë¦b¦aÂd¤¤¡A¤@¥bÅS¦bÂd¥~¡A¥NªíµÛ¦a¥­½u¤Wªº¥b­Ó¤ÑªÅ¡C³Ì¤U¼h´N¬O½ÆÂøªº³ø®É¨t²Î¡A¥¦¦³¤­¼h¤p¤ì»Õ¡A¨C­Ó¤p¤ì»Õ¤¤³£¦³¤£¦P¼Æ¥Øªº¤p¤ì¤H¡C²Ä¤@¡B¤G¡B¤T¼h¤¤ªº¤p¤ì¤H­t³d³ø§i¤@¤Ñ¤ºªº®É¨°©M®É¨è¡A¥|¡B¤­¼h¤¤ªº¤p¤ì¤H­t³d³ø§i©]¸Ìªº®É¨°©M§óÂI¡C
¾ã­Ó¤ô¹B»ö¶H»O¥Hº|³ý¤¤ªº¤ô¬°ÅX°Ê¤O¡A³q¹L¤@®M¶Ç°Ê¸Ë¸m©M¤@­Ó¾÷½üÁpµ²¦b¤@°_¡A»P¤Ñ²y¦P¨B¹BÂà¡A¹G¯u¦Û°Ê¦aºt¥Ü¤F¤Ñ¶HªºÅܤơC







¥xÆW°ê¥ß¦ÛµM¬ì¾Ç³Õª«À]©Ò®i¥Ü¤§¤ô¹B»ö¶H¥x¬O¨Ì¾ÚĬ¹|©Ò¼¶¡u·s»ö¶Hªk­n¡vªº¤åÄm¤º®e¬ã¨s´_­ì¦Ó¦¨¡A¬°¥@¬É²Ä¤@®y¥\¯à§¹³Æ¤§­ì¤Ø¤o¤ì¼Ë¼Ò«¬¡C­ì¥ó¨Ì¥_§º®É´ÁĬ¹|©MÁú¤½·Gµ¥¤H©Ò³]­p»s§@ªº¡C


¾àÁa¸Ë¸mµ²ºc¹Ï





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http://web2.nmns.edu.tw/Web-Title/china/StructGame.htm

­^°ê1715¦~«e¡A»·¦b­^°êªº¬ù¿«・«¢¨½»¹John Harrison ¡A¦bÄÁÂ\¬ã¨s¹Lµ{¤¤¡A¤]´¿³y¤F¨â­Ó¤ì»s¾÷ªä¾¦½ü®y¦a®ÉÄÁ¡C¬ù¿«・«¢¨½»¹¬O¦Û¾Ç¤Ñ¤~¡A¥L¬ã¨sÄÁ¿ö§Þ³N®É¡A¥Î¤ì§÷¥N´Àª÷ÄÝ»s³y¤F·Ç½Tªº®ÉÄÁ¡A¦b1722¦~¡A¬ù¿«・«¢¨½»¹»P¥Lªº¥S§Ì¸â©i´µ¦bBrocklesby¤½¶é­×«Ø¤F¤@­Ó¤ì¾¦½ü¾÷ªäªº¶ðÄÁ¡A³o­Ó®ÉÄÁ¤µ¤Ñ¤´µM¹B¦æ¡C


¸g½n«×ªº¬G¨Æ~~~¯è®ü¤Ñ¤åÄÁªºµo©ú

½Ð«ö¹Ï¤ù¬Ý¸Ô­z


¦b1728¦~¡A¥L­×³y¤F¼Æ­Ó¤ì¾¦½üªººë½T®ÉÄÁregulator clock¡A¥L±Ä¥Î·U³Ð¾ðªº¯Sµw¤ì§÷§@¾àÁa½üªº§÷®Æ¡A¥ÎÅK±ù¤ì³y¦¨¤p¾¦½ü¡C

The John Harrison clock at Nostell Priory


¦b¥L¬ã¨sµo©ú·Å«×¸ÉÀvÄÁÂ\gridiron pendulumªº¹Lµ{¤¤¡A¥L§Q¥Î¤ì»sªººë½T®ÉÄÁ¡A¨Ó¦Lµý·Å«×¸ÉÀvÄÁÂ\gridiron pendulumªºÂ\«ß¡C

experiments to design gridiron pendulum


¦b³o¨Ç´ú¸Õ¦¨¥\¤§«á¡A¥L¤~¯àÄ~Äò­×³y¥Lªº¥|­Ó¯è®üÄÁmarine clock¡CH1¥]§t¤F¤ì¾¦½ü¡A¦}¥B¦¨¥\»·¯è¨Ó¦^­^­Û¨ì¨½´µ¥»¡C

Marine timekeeper (H1), front


Marine timekeeper (H1), side


winding wheels


Marine timekeeper (H1), side and back


front view

side view


H2©MH3¬O§ï¥Î¶À»É§@³yÄÁ§÷®Æ¡A¦ý¥¼´¿³y¹L»·¯è´ú¸Õ¡C

Marine timekeeper (H2), front

Marine timekeeper (H2), side


Marine timekeeper (H2), front and side


Marine timekeeper (H3), front


Marine timekeeper (H3), back and side

Marine timekeeper (H3) with case

¥Lªº¤ì¾¦½üºë½T®ÉÄÁregulator clock·Ç½T«×¹F¦Ü¨C­Ó¤ë1¬í»~®t¡AµM«á½Õ¾ã¥Lªº¯è®üÄÁ¨Ó¹ï·Ç¡A¤~¹ê¦b°µ®ü¬v¸ÕÅç¡CH4¬O·¥ºÝ­«­n©M¥i¶Qªºµo©ú¡A¦]¬°¥¦ªº¦¨´N¡A±À°Ê¤Fªk°ê©M­^°ê¯è®üÄÁªºµo®i¡C

Marine timekeeper (H4), obverse


Marine timekeeper (H4), open upper plate


1785¦~¡AJohn Arnold©MThomas Earnshaw¶}µo¤F²{¥N¯è®üÄÁªº¥­¿Å¥~´ß³]­p¡C




This is a typical example of Earnshaw's marine chronometers


Earnshaw's Chronometer Escapement



Chronometer Escapement


Train of Marine Chronometer


¡m«ÝÄò¡n



America Wood Clocks Industry¬ü°ê¤ì®ÉÄÁ¤u·~¦b1800¦~¥H«e¡A¬ü°ê·s­^®æÄõ¤w¸g¶}®i¤F¤ì¾÷ªä®ÉÄÁªº¤u·~¡C¦h¤Ö¦~¨Ó¡A­^°ê¶T©ö¸T¹B¡A¨¾¤î¤F¶À»É©M½èÀuªº¿û§÷¨ì¹F³o­Ó·sªº°ê®a¡Cªi¤h¹y¯ù¸­¨Æ¥óªºµo¥Í¡A¥¿Åã¥Ü¤F¥_¬ü¬w´Ó¥Á¤£º¡¥H°ªµ|ª÷ÁʶR­^°êªºª««~¡A¨ä¤¤¥]¬A¨Ó¦Û­^°êªº®yÄÁ¡C



ÄÁ¬O·í¥Nªº°ª§Þ³N²£«~¡A­^°ê¤H¤Þ¥H¦Û»¨ªº¥Í²£µo©ú¡A¦]¬°¥«³õ»Ý¨D«Ü¤j¡A¬G¦¹·í¦aÄÁ¦K¾Ç·|¤F§Q¥Î¤ì§÷§÷®Æ¶}®i°µÄÁ¤u·~¡F¦b»s³y¹Lµ{¤¤¡A¥u¦³´X­Ó¹s¥ó¥Ñ¿û©Î¶À»É»s¦¨¡A¨Ò¦p¾àÁa½ü©M¾àÁa¤e¡C¹B¥Î·sªº»s³y¤èªk¡A±N¦UÃþ®ÉÄÁ¾¦½ü¼W¥[¹s¥óªº¤¬´«©Ê¡A®ÉÄÁµo®i¦¨¿W¯Sªº¬ü°ê¦¡¼Ë¡C

wooden movement








1837¦~¡AChauncey Jerome¬ãµo¤F¶À»Éª÷Äݤu·~§Þ³N»s³yÄÁ¿ö¡A¨ä«á§O¤H¥é®Ä¡A¤ì®ÉÄÁ®É¥Nµ²§ô¡C







¼w°ê唂©BÄÁcuckoo clock1600¦~´Á¶¡¼w°ê¶Â´ËªL¦a°Ïªº¤H¥Á¡A¹A¯Ñ¤u§@ªº®É¶¡¬O«D±`¦³­­¡C¦bº©ªøªº¥V¤Ñ¡A³h¹A¬°¤Fºû«ù¥Í­p¡A³£·|¤Æ¨­¦¨¬°¤u¦K¡Aµo®i¤@¨Ç¤â¤u·~»s§@¡A¥L­Ì¤§¤¤¦³¨Ç¬Oµe®v¡B³]­p®a¡A¼Æ¾Çºtºâ®a©MÀJ¨è®a¡AÁa¦X¤@¨Ç¹ê¥Îªº§Þ¯à¡A¶}µo¤F¤@®M¾÷±ñµ²ºc®ÉÄÁ¾÷ªäªº·½«¬¡C¥D­n¥H¤ì§÷§@­ì®Æ¡A©Ò¦³³o¨Ç¤u¦K³q¹L¥L­Ì¼ô½mªº¤â¤u¦b¶Â´ËªL¦a°Ï¸Ì¡Aµ²¦X¤F¥L­Ìªº§Þ¯à¡A¶}©l­×³y¤ì¾÷ªä®ÉÄÁ¡C















¦b»s³y¹Lµ{¤¤¡A¤£Â_§ï¶i®ÉÄÁªº½è¶q¡AÁٳХߤF·í¦a¿W¦³ªº¤@®M®ÉÄÁ¯S¼x¡A·í¤¤¤]¥]¬A¥~«¬ªº³W®æ¡A³Ì²×ºt¤Æ¦¨²{¦bªº唂©BÄÁ¡C¥t¥~¡A¥Ñ©óºt¶i¹Lµ{­nÁa¦X¤£¦Pªº¬ì¾Ç¤Î§Þ³N¡A¤]«P¶i¤F·í¦aÄÁ¿ö±M¬ì¾Ç®Õªº²Õ¦¨¡F¼w°êÄÁ¿ö¤Î¬ì¬ãµo®iªº¦¨´N¡A¨ä¹ê³£¬O¦b³o®É«Ø¥ß°ò¦¡C
¶Â´ËªL¥¬âB³¾ÄÁªºµo®i¡A¬°°Ï°ì±a¥X«Ü¦h±Òµo¡A¼w°êµÛ¦WªºStrasburg¤j±Ð°ó®ÉÄÁ¡A¶¯Âû¦b¨C­Ó¤p®É¥´»ï«Å§G¤p®É®É¶¡¡A³£¬O¥é·Ó¥¬âB³¾ÄÁªº¥´»ï¤è¦¡¡C



¤j¬ù1750¦~¡A«Ø³y¤FµÛ¦Wªº"Schottenuhr" clock~(special Black Forest painted wooden shield clock¶Â´ËªL¤âøªº¤ì¬Þ«¬ÄÁ­±®ÉÄÁ)¡A¨Ã¶}©l¥X²{¦b®ÉÄÁªí½Lªº¤W­±¦³¤@­Ó¤pªù¡A§ùÃY³¾·|±q¤pªù¥X¨Ó³ø®É¡A³o¨Ç®ÉÄÁ³]­p«D±`½ÆÂø¤S·¥¤§µ}¦³¡C

Early cuckoo clock, Black Forest, 1760-1780






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world¡¦s largest cuckoo clock


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2015-12-21 21:50
# 18
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¤£¹L¡A¥Ñ©ó¦a²y¥»¨­ªº¹B°Ê¤è¦¡·¥¤§½ÆÂø¡A©Ò¥HµL½×¥H¤Ó¶§¤é©Î«í¬P¤é§@¬°°ò¦¡A¨C¤éªºªøµu³£·|¤£¦P¡C¬°¤F¤è«K­p®É¡A§Ú­Ì²{®É©Ò¥Îªº®É¶¡¨t²Î¬O¥H­ì¤lªº®¶°ÊÀW²v§@¬°¼Ð·Ç¡A³oºØ®É¶¡¨t²ÎºÙ¬°­ì¤l®É(atomic time)¡C






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Examples of complications include:





Non-horological complicationsSometimes various displays in or on a watch are counted as complications even if they have nothing to do with timetelling. Often seen examples include thermometer, barometer (rare in watches, more frequently in clocks)), compass, or altimeter. Many horologists will not count non-horological complications when adding up the number of complications on a given watch or clock, some purists even exclude the Power reserve from the complications count because it does not show a time indication (although its function is related to the timekeeping).

Grand ComplicationsA grand complication is a watch that contains at least three "complications", with at least one coming from each of the groups listed below:
Visual Indicators  Astronomical indicators   Acoustic indicators  [/td]
Simple chronographSimple calendarAlarm
Counter chronographPerpetual calendarQuarter repeater
Split-second flyback chronographMoon phasesHalf-quarter repeater
Independent second hand chronographEquation of timeFive-minute repeater
Jumping second hand chronographMinute repeater
Passing strike


(all borrowed)



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Ultra-Complicated Watches - Unlimited Sophistication

Watches for Collectors and AdmirersUltra-complicated watches appeared as a result of watchmakers' desire to unite the amazing number of functions in one watch case, thus challenging the laws of mechanics. These timepieces are perceived as the ultimate expression of the art of watchmaking. They are produced exclusively in very limited numbers. Some ultra-complicated watches are made only once for passionate watch collectors and admirers of horological exploits. Inspired by Mechanical Clocks
The creators of the initial pocket watches were inspired by the mechanical clocks that often comprised a wide variety of functions, including astronomical indications. Consequently, already in the 16-th century, the horology world boasted numerous watches relevant to the category of "complicated" and even "ultra-complicated".

Since then, watchmakers have worked hard trying to surpass the known limits of their art and demonstrate their skills in the best possible way. Watchmakers have been exploiting new possibilities of combining the biggest number of functions in the limited space of a watch case.
'Marie-Antoinette watch' by BreguetAmong the earliest most celebrated examples you will discover an ultra-complicated watch created by Breguet. The unique timepiece was commissioned for the Queen of France. Its development was finished in 1827.



The timekeeping creation was meant to feature every known complication of that time. The 'Marie-Antoinette watch' comprised a stunning number of functions, including a perpetual calendar, a minute repeater, a power reserve indicator and an equation of time.

The legendary pocket watch was followed by other timekeeping masterpieces, the majority of which was given birth in La Vallee de Joux (Swiss Jura), one of the best-known birthplaces of complicated watches. The most prestigious watchmaking brands do their best to introduce the most complicated watch ever created.
Most Notable Examples
The watchmaking exploits that are of particular importance in the history of watchmaking are the "Leroy 01" launched in 1904 that was equipped with 20-25 complicated functions, depending on the way they are counted, and the "Graves" introduced by Patek Philippe in 1933 that boasted the remarkable 24 complications.

It was also the Patek Philippe Company that developed the most complicated pocket watch ever - the Calibre 89 revealed in 1989.

The one-of-a-kind watch comprised 33 rare complications, including the secular perpetual calendar and Easter dates.

Vacheron Constantin Tour de l'Ile Wristwatches
As for the area of complicated wristwatches, Vacheron Constantin, having celebrated its 250-th anniversary in 2005, commemorated the occasion by unveiling of the "Tour de l'Ile" watch. The unique creation represents the world's most complicated double-face watch.

In the heart of the Tour de l'Ile there beats the movement composed of 834 parts. The two dials of the watch feature 16 complications. You will find the following functions on the list of the watch's complications: an hour, quarter and minute repeater, sunrise and sunset times, perpetual calendar, moon phases, tourbillon, age of the moon, equation of time, and a representation of the night sky.



Besides the unique demonstrations of savoir-faire mentioned above, watchmaking companies introduce a lot of remarkable examples of "grande complication" watches that offer fewer functions, but are meant to provide simplicity of use, legibility and functionality.

(all borrowed)


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QUOTE:
­ì©«¥Ñ lesc95 ©ó 2008-1-1 11:23 PM µoªí

Let me try s:

chronograph,
moonphase,
perpetual calender,
tourbillion,
minute repeater and
equation of time




QUOTE:
­ì©«¥Ñ Winning ©ó 2008-1-4 12:56 AM µoªí

1. Perpetual Calender with phrase & age of the moon
2. Split Second Chronograph
3. Tourbillion
4. Celestial chart
5. Date of Easter & sidereal time
6. Minute Repeater

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QUOTE:
1.perpetual calender,
2.tourbillion,
3.minute repeater,
4.equation of time,
5.split Seconds,
6.musical watches



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­µ¼Ö¾÷ªämusical movement
musical clockPhelps & Bartholomew movement from an 8-day Kroeber #3 musical clock, with Swiss musical movement in place of the usual strike train.





musical watches³U¿ö©MÄÁ³£¦³«Ü¦h¹ê¨Ò¡A¦ý¤â¿ö«o¦]ªÅ¶¡¤Ó²Ó¡A«ÜÃø±N­Ó­µ¼Ö²°©ñ¤J¥h¡CPicture borrowed





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Girard-Perregaux has one of the most sophisticated musical alarm watches under the Opera range which is Opera Two and Opera Threepictures borrowed





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sampeter
2015-12-21 22:01
# 19
ÄÁ¿ö¦¬Âë~~Share some pictures of weight driven wall clocks

Zaandam clock



Cuckoo clock



Cuckoo clock



New England Wall clock



Hoop you like the woodwork!

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¾÷±ñÄÁ´N¦³³oºØ¯SÂI¡A©ö­×ÃøÃa¡A¤ì§÷¤S¨¾ÂΡA±o¶¢µL¨Æ±½¤@±½¹Ð¡A¦æ¤@¦æÄÁ¡A¬Æ¦Üªø´Á±¾°±¡A§A¤£¥²­n¥¦·Ç½T³ø®É¡A¦]¬°¥¦¬O¤@¥ó¤â¤uÃÀ¸Ë¹¢«~¡I

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sampeter
2015-12-21 22:41
# 20
Atmos Clock ªÅ®ðÄÁµ²ºc¸Ô¸Ñ

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ªÅ®ðÄÁ¦~¥÷°Ñ¦ÒDating Your Atmos Clock
With the exception of the original Antique "Atmos I" and "Atmos II", (Mercury Reutter models) the following Chart lists Atmos Clocks beginning with some of the earliest models (or calibers) and their respective serial numbers:


Caliber / Model Serial NumberApproximate Year Manufactured
51925,000-59,000Late 1940's to 1950's
532Unknown, identical to Model 522 Unknown, only a few manufactured
52260,000-69,9991950's
526-570,000-107,0001950's
526-6, 528107,001-599,9991960-1980
540's600,000 and up1980 -1998



Serial Numbers



Years




4,000



10,000



1928



1932



10,000



25,000



1932



1948



25,000



52,000



1948



1955



55,000



80,000



1955



1958



80,000



600,000



1958



1983



600,000



-



1983



-







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¡@¡@Atmos·Å®tÄÁªº¨«®Éºë«×¡A¥D­nÂk¥\©ó­þ­Ó¥¨¤jªº¶ê¬W«¬ªºÂ\½ü¡AÂà°ÊºD¶q«Ü¤j¡C¨Ã¥B¥¦¬O¥Ñ¤@®Ú«Ü²ÓªºÂì°òªº¦Xª÷µ·¡]Elinvar¡^Äa¦Q°_¨Óªº¡A³o­Ó¦Xª÷µ·¸g¹L¯S®í³B²z¡A·Å«×«Y¼Æ·¥¤p¡A´X¥G¤£¨ü·Å«×Åܤƪº¼vÅT¡C¶ê¬W«¬ªºÂ\½ü«~½è¦³240§J¡A¬O¤@¯ë¤â¿öªº3000­¿¡A¤£¹L¥¦®ø¯Óªº¯à¤O«o¤ñ´¶³q¤â¿ö¤Ö100­¿¡IÁÙ¦³¤@­Ó­ì¦]¡A´N¬OAtmos·Å®tÄÁªºµo±ø¥Ã»·«O«ù¾A·íªº½Lºòµ{«×¡A¤£ºò¤£ªQ¡C³o¼Ë¨Ïµo±ø¤§¶¡¦U°é¨S¦³±µÄ²¼¯À¿¡A©Ò¥H¤O¯x¿é¥X¥Ã»·§¡¤Ã¤£ÅÜ¡C

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ªÅ®ðÄÁ®ð¹ª·lÃa¤Îºû­×¬Û«H¥»¦a­ø·|¦³¤HÃÑËÝ°µ¡A±o­Óª¾°Õ¡I

Bellows Repair Service
We can repair your defective LeCoultre Atmos clock bellows.





Defective Bellows - Gas Has Leaked Out.


Good Bellows





If your Atmos clock is not winding itself, it most likely needs the bellows repaired.
We will repair your Atmos clock bellows and recharge it with the original type gas.
We will electronically test your bellows for leaks.
We will guarantee this repair for 6 months.



Testing Your Bellows




Bellows Housing Removed From Clock


Test your bellows by measuring the depth in the center of the large hole in the bellows housing.
A good bellows will measure 22mm to 28mm at 70 degrees F.
A defective bellows will meassure 33mm to 40mm at 70 degress F.

A good bellows ouside of the housing will measure 50mm to 70mm tall at 70 degress F.


Ordering Information


Repair cost is $40.00 per bellows.
United States(48 States) buyers pay $12.00 for return shipping and insurance.
International buyers pay actual return shipping and insurance charges plus any paypal commission fees.
Do not send entire clock. - Buyer must remove bellows from clock.
Please allow 2-3 weeks for repair.
Make sure bellows is defective before sending.
Please send only the bellows and not the housing.
If your bellows tests good, you will be charged a $5.00 handling fee + return shipping charges.
Send bellows and $40.00 + $12.00 return shipping charges to($52.00 total):
(Make checks payable to Jeffrey Kitz)
Jeffrey Kitz
531 N. Main Street
Oshkosh, WI 54901
920-233-1757 10AM to 5PM Monday - Friday
[email protected]




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